Beneath the vast ice sheets of Antarctica, a vibrant ecosystem of green and brown algae thrives in the frigid waters surrounding the continent.
Previously accessible only to marine life or highly trained divers, these underwater algal forests are now being mapped in unprecedented detail using advanced autonomous underwater vehicles.
These Antarctic sub-ice algae begin their growth in early spring, sustained by faint sunlight that penetrates the icy surface. They form a critical base for the Antarctic food web, fueling krill and other small marine organisms.
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The diving drones are 8.2 feet (2.5 meters) long and are shaped like torpedoes. The devices are deployed from holes that the researchers cut into the thick ice using an oil burner and a steam drill. The carefully carved holes also happen to be an ideal entry point for hunting seals, and sometimes, the researchers have to share their space with seals and sea lions that crowd around the heaters set up to keep the holes from icing over.
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